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  BCD to Gray code converter The truth table having the conversion from BCD code to gray code is shown below. Since the BCD code has only 4 bits, a total of 9 BCD digits have been considered. The output is unpredictable for other input combinations. From the minterms of each output G 3 , G 2 , G 1 , G 0 , the karnaugh map is implemented to simplify the function. The code converter circuit for BCD to gray code is drawn as below from the obtained expression. Gray code to Excess-3 code converter For this conversion, 4-bit gray code is considered as an input, which produces 4-bit excess-3 code as the output. Since 4-bit is considered for excess-3 code, the maximum possible output will be ‘1111’. Hence up to 12 numbers are considered for this conversion. The truth table for this conversion is shown below. For understanding purposes, the decimal number and binary code are included in the below table. The minterms of each output E 3 , E 2 , E 1 , E 0  are plotted in the karnaugh map ...
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                                                         MOSFET  The  metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor  ( MOSFET ,  MOS-FET , or  MOS FET ) is a type of  field-effect transistor  (FET), most commonly fabricated by the  controlled oxidation  of  silicon . It has an insulated gate, the voltage of which determines the conductivity of the device. This ability to change conductivity with the amount of applied voltage can be used for amplifying or switching electronic  signals . A metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MISFET) is a term almost synonymous with MOSFET. Another synonym is IGFET for insulated-gate field-effect transistor. The basic principle of the  field-effect transistor  was first patented by  Julius Edgar Lilienfeld  in 1925. [...